Importance of the agar-media in the evaluation of bacteriocin activity against the same test-microorganisms

Abstract Bacteriocins are peptides produced by various species of bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria, which exhibit a large spectrum of action against spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogens. Successful application of techniques for quantitative or qualitative bacteriocin determination relies not only on the sensitivity of the test-microorganisms, but also on the agar-medium employed. Cell free supernatants are routinely used to preliminary screen for antimicrobial activity of bacteria by means of the agar well diffusion method, but the supernatant may also include other molecules (such as medium components and/or intracellular compounds) accidentally released during cell free supernatant preparation, which may interfere with the assay. Reproducibility of bacteriocin activity against the same test-microorganisms is an important factor to be considered. Unfortunately, no specific information about bioassays standardization to determine bacteriocin activity is available in the literature. In this work, growth inhibition by means of the agar well diffusion assays were carried out on different agar-media showing a strong dependence on the agar-medium used, indicating that the inhibitory effects could also depend on the diffusion of exudates that are included in the cell-free supernatant. The results presented in this communication show that selection of the agar-medium is crucial for the bioassay response.

Development and validation of a microbiological assay for determination of chlorhexidine digluconate in aqueous solution

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad-spectrum antiseptic that is used in many topical pharmaceutical formulations. Because there is no official microbiological assay reported in the literature that is used to quantify CHX, this paper reports the development and validation of a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method for the dosage of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX-D) in an aqueous solution. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of CHX-D upon the strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, which is used as the test microorganism. The design 3x3 parallel-line model was used. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and they were excellent in terms of linearity (r = 0.9999), presenting a significant regression between the zone diameter of growth inhibition and the logarithm of the concentration within the range of 0.5 to 4.5%. The results obtained were precise, having relative standard deviations (RSD) for intra-day and inter-day precision of 2.03% and 2.94%, respectively. The accuracy was 99.03%. The method proved to be very useful and appropriate for the microbiological dosage of CHX-D in pharmaceutical formulations; it might also be used for routine drug analysis during quality control in pharmaceutical industries.

Clorexidina (CHX) é um antisséptico com amplo espectro de ação utilizada em muitos tipos de preparações farmacêuticas para uso tópico. Uma vez que não há na literatura ensaio microbiológico oficial para quantificar a clorexidina, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento e validação de um ensaio microbiológico simples, sensível, exato e reprodutível, por difusão em ágar, para doseamento de digliconato de clorexidina (CHX-D) em solução aquosa. O ensaio é baseado no efeito da inibição de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, utilizado como microorganismo teste, pela CHX-D. Utilizou-se o delineamento 3x3. Os resultados foram verificados estatisticamente pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e apresentaram excelente linearidade (r = 0,9999), demonstrando que o método segue o modelo linear com regressão significativa entre o diâmetro da zona de inibição e o lagaritmo da concentração no intervalo de 0,5 a 4,5%. Os resultados obtidos foram precisos apresentando desvio padrão relativo (DPR) para precisão intra-dia de 2,03% e DPR para precisão inter-dias de 2,94%. A exatidão foi 99,03%. O método provou ser muito útil e apropriado para doseamento microbiológico da CHX-D em formas farmacêuticas e pode ser empregado para análise desta substância no controle de qualidade em indústrias farmacêuticas.